Graphene is the crystalline form of carbon that has two dimensional (2D) properties where it consists of single layer of carbon atom arranged in hexagonal lattice. This allotrope of carbon is the basic structure of other allotropes such as diamond, carbon nanotubes, graphite, fullerenes. Graphite which is one of the allotropes of carbon is the softest material with is a very good lubricant and is the conductor of electricity. Because of its known unique property, it is being used as thermal insulation. Natural graphite is of three types of crystalline, amorphous and vein. Carbon has numerous essential applications in the living system. Carbon fibers which are composed mostly of carbon events, in the range of 5-10 micrometers have its application in composite materials, textiles, microelectrodes, Flexible heating.
As the world-wide demand for energy is expected to continue to increase at a rapid rate, it is critical that improved technologies for sustainably producing, converting and storing energy are developed. Materials are key roadblocks to improved performance in a number of important energy technologies including energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors and energy conversion through solar cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric devices. The University of Texas at Austin is an internationally recognized leader in the development of clean energy materials.
The exploration on Materials science and engineering, implies a novel group of materials with its individual logic of effect that cannot be defined just in terms of the normal classes of heavy and light or form, construction, and surface. The materials like Salmon leather, Wood-Skin flexible wood panel material, Re Wall Naked board, Coe Lux lighting system, Bling Crete light-reflecting concrete and several other novelties have shaped astonishing and unique characteristics of the materials. Materials are the core for scientific and industrial advancements in our life. Advancement in the field of electronic materials, biomaterials, sensors, energy materials, light alloys are vital for the information technology, improvement of health, smart atmosphere, renewable energy, improved transportation and other deliberate applications. Coelux lightening system where the scientists used a thin coating of nanoparticles to exactly simulate sunlight through Earth’s atmosphere and the effect known as Rayleigh scattering. Soft materials are additional evolving class of materials that includes gels, colloids, liquids, foams, and coatings.
Biomaterial is defined as a substance that has been engineered to interact with components of living system for both therapeutic and diagnostic purpose. Biomaterials are natural components or it can be synthesized in the laboratory employing metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials. Biomaterials covers the fundamentals of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science. The biomaterial science also includes polymer synthesis, drug design, self-assembly of materials, immunology and toxicology. Biomaterials has its wide usage in drug delivery, dental application, surgery and regenerative medicine that mimics the natural function. The current research focuses on combining biomedical science and material engineering to produce materials for numerous medical application. The application of biomaterials includes joint replacements, stents, vascular grafts, Heart valves, bone plate, bone cement, dental implants, breast implants, surgical sutures, etc.,
As the global demand for energy is increasing on a higher frequency, materials are the key aspects of new technologies for renewable energy sources, super capacitors, energy storage in batteries, thermoelectric devices, energy conversion through solar cells and fuel cells. The dynamic research areas comprise clean energy conversion, biofuels, hydrogen generation and fuel cells. Materials for energy can help to produce efficient sources of energy to meet the present concerns and is a key driver for our society. Materials with emerging energy technologies are the supportable energy foundations to withstand the geophysical alteration. Solar energy is the superior and the development of photovoltaic cells is needed for the existing development. The piezoelectric, ferroelectric materials and thin films are the valuable materials for the conversion of energy.
Nanotechnology is well-defined as the handling of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. Earlier, Nanotechnology was defined as the area of employing atoms and molecules to produce nanoscale products, which is also referred to as molecular nanotechnology. The National Nanotechnology Initiative has defined nanotechnology as the management of material with the measurement of 1 to 100 nm. Nano materials are physical materials with a characteristic measurement between 1-150nm that are the building blocks of applied nanotechnology. Nanomaterials have led to the production of several materials with the help of Interface and colloid science such as carbon nanotubes, fullerene, nanorod, and nanoparticles as well as the properties of nanomaterials differ from those of bulk materials because of their exceptional optical, electronic and mechanical properties. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are produced with novel physico-chemical properties for a precise application of minerals and other chemical substance. Nanomaterial exploration is a material science-based method that has its application in optics, catalysis, healthcare, electronics, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and energy conservation.
Dental biomaterials encompass both the natural dental tissues like enamel, cementum, dentin as well as the synthetic dental materials such as polymers, composites, ceramics, etc. They are used to repair damaged, decayed teeth. These dental biomaterials are of diverse types i.e. orthodontics, braces, implants, etc. Orthodontics is a fragment of dentistry that leads to the alignment of teeth and jaws to improve oral health. Braces are mainly used in orthodontics to straighten teeth and to treat irregularities in teeth. Dental implants are the cylindrical forms made up of titanium, which is used as a substitute for any missing teeth. Prosthesis means a device intended to substitute a missing part of the body Diseased or missing eyes, arms, hands, legs, or joints are replaced by using prosthetic devices.
The Science and technology of generating substances from inorganic, non-metallic materials in the presence of heat or by the help of high purity chemical solutions is termed as Ceramic Engineering. It comprises of the study of structure, composition, and properties of raw materials. Ceramics are crystalline materials with partly crystalline structure in the long-range order on the atomic scale. The glass-ceramics is in the short-range atomic scale with an amorphous structure. Ceramics has a unique advantage where it is can be replaced because of its heat resistant capacity. These materials are produced by sol-gel synthesis or by hydrothermal method. Ceramic materials rise the applications in materials science, chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering. It has an exceptional usage in mining, medicine, chemical industry, aerospace, electronics, optical and automotive industries.
Composite materials are composed with two different materials, which combine to give properties superior to those of the individual constituents. The many component materials and different processes that can be used make composites extremely versatile and efficient. They typically result in lighter, stronger, more durable solutions compared to traditional materials. The main properties of the materials are Weight reduction, Durability and maintenance, Added functionality, Design freedom.
Polymer technology is one of the most prevalent zones of existing research as it includes the study and applications of Nano science to polymer-nanoparticle matrices, where nanoparticles are those with at least in the dimension of less than 100 nm. Polymer nanotechnology emphases on polymer-based biomaterials, self-assembled polymeric films, nanofabrication of polymers, polymer blends and nanocomposites. Polymer matrix based Nano composites consist of polymer or copolymer having nanoparticles dispersed in the matrix. Silicon Nanospheres is the extensively known Nano polymer which shows discrete features and harder than silicon. Preceding the age of nanotechnology phase, polymer blends, block copolymer domain frequently attains Nanoscale sizes. Nano-sized silica particles, zeolites, and nanoparticle fillers have controlled the expansion of products with enhanced properties such as thermal stability & conductivity, chemical resistance, and tensile strength. Some of the natural and synthetic polymers are collagen, enzymes, elastin, cellulose, chitin, plastics, fibers and adhesives.
Plastic surgery aims to repair defects or damage on the face or body, and reconstruct areas which are dysfunctional. Plastic surgeons may receive some training in cosmetic surgery and aesthetic appearance, but most of their focus remains on reconstructive surgeries. Cosmetic plastic surgery is focused on improving appearance only, and is considered an elective surgery.
a. Hand repair surgery
b. Burn repair surgery
c. Chin or cheek enhancement
d. Facelift
e. Neck lift
f. Hair replacement
Material science plays a important role in metallurgy too. Powder metallurgy is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. They can avoid, or greatly reduce, the need to use metal removal processes and can reduce the costs. Pyro metallurgy includes thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. A complete knowledge of metallurgy can help us to extract the metal in a more feasible way and can used to a wider range. Global Metallurgy market will develop at a modest 5.4% CAGR from 2014 to 2020. This will result in an increase in the market’s valuation from US$6 bn in 2013 to US$8.7 bn by 2020. The global market for
parts and powder shipments was 4.3 billion pounds (valued at $20.7 billion) in 2011 and grew to nearly 4.5 billion pounds ($20.5 billion) in 2012. This market is expected to reach 5.4 billion pounds (a value of nearly $26.5 billion) by 2017.
Ability of a nation to harness nature as well as its ability to cope up with the challenges posed by it is determined by its complete knowledge of materials and its ability to develop and produce them for various applications. Advanced Materials are at the heart of many technological developments that touch our lives. Electronic materials for communication and information technology, optical fibers, laser fibers sensors for intelligent environment, energy materials for renewable energy and environment, light alloys for better transportation, materials for strategic applications and more. Advance materials have a wider role to play in the upcoming future years because of its multiple uses and can be of a greater help for whole humanity. The global market for conformal coating on electronics market the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7% from 2015 to 2020. The global market for polyurethanes has been growing at a CAGR (2016-2021) of 6.9%, driven by various application industries, such as, automotive; bedding and furniture; building and construction; packaging; electronics and footwear. In 2015, Asia-Pacific dominated the global polyurethanes market, followed by Europe and North America. BASF, Bayer, Dow Chemical, Mitsui Chemicals, Nippon Polyurethanes, Trelleborg, Woodbridge are some of the major manufacturers of polyurethanes across regions.
Materials Chemistry provides the loop between atomic, molecular and supermolecular behaviour and the useful properties of a material. It lies at the core of numerous chemical-using industries. This deals with the atomic nuclei of the materials, and how they are arranged to provide molecules, crystals, etc. Much of properties of electrical, magnetic particles and chemical materials evolve from this level of structure. The length scales involved are in angstroms. The way in which the atoms and molecules are bonded and organized is fundamental to studying the properties and behaviour of any material. The forecast for R&D growth in the chemical and advanced materials industry indicates the improving global economy and the key markets the industry serves. U.S. R&D splurging in chemicals and advanced materials is forecast to grow by 3.6% to reach $12 billion in 2014. Overall global R&D is forecast to expand at a slightly higher 4.7% rate to $45 billion in 2014.
Materials are being used in devices because of their exclusive properties such as electrical, magnetic, thermal, optical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties. The extensively used material components are polymers, semiconductors, oxides and liquid crystals. The electronic materials are the major elements in several device applications and has its usage in regular electronic tools such as computers, mobile phones, LED bulbs and GPS devices. Newfangled materials and devices are intended to advance the optical, electronic, thermal and chemical performance of the current devices. The present-day approaches of emerging electronic materials and devices encompasses the synthesis and fabrication of materials with anticipated properties. The topics intricate in the development of Materials and devices are solid state physics and chemistry, microelectronics, photonics, chemical physics, etc.,
Materials which can be magnetized and attracted to a magnet are termed as ferromagnetic materials. These kinds of ferromagnetic materials comprise of iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Magnetic Smart Materials also have medical applications and it is predictable that they will increase in the future. Examples are carrying medications to exact locations within the body and the use as a contrasting agent for MRI scans, evaluating the risk of organ damage in hereditary hemochromatosis, defining the dose of iron chelator drugs mandatory for patients with thalassemia, and Nowadays Scientists are also occupied on the advancement of synthetic magnetic particles which can be inoculated into the human body for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Characterization is the crucial process in the field of Materials Science, by means of which the materials features, and properties are explored and restrained. Few basic characterization techniques that have been used for centuries include microscopy, spectroscopy and macroscopic testing. Evolving technologies are categorized by vital innovation, moderately fast progression, consistency, prominent impact, and ambiguity. The characterization of materials can limit them to techniques such as microscopic structure and properties of materials, while others use the term to mention to any materials analysis process including macroscopic techniques such as mechanical testing, thermal analysis, and density calculation. The measure of the structures observed in materials characterization ranges from angstroms, such as in the imaging of individual atoms and chemical bonds, up to centimeters, in the imaging of coarse grain structures in metals. Materials make up the existing world, from the concrete in buildings and bridges to the advanced carbon fibers and ceramics in high-performance cars and even to the nanoparticles in self-cleaning bricks. Materials exploration is varying based on the design, build and new products. The materials in the industrial sector embrace zones of mining, transport, chemical, oil and gas, pharmaceutical, aeronautical, food and medical. The existing and future needs of human can be fulfilled by industries in accomplishing the anticipated resolution on goods. The main materials formed by industries are metals, inorganic nonmetals, and plastics.
Entrepreneurs who are ready to invest and get profit by working hard in the field of Emerging Materials will be happy by attending this meeting and make their way a successful one by meeting intellectuals and experts who can make their investment worthwhile. This platform will be the best one to make a shape of your business
Profit and loss in the production
Risks in production and sales
From a smart pain relief wand to medical devices that monitor vital signs, the following health gadgets work together with your smartphone to help you stay fit and to encourage you to start and stick to healthier habits.
Some of them enable patients to manage chronic conditions, others are specially designed for medical professionals, but these innovative devices can quite literally change, and even save your life.
Electrocardiograms — also called ECGs or EKGs — are often done in a doctor's office, a clinic or a hospital room. And they've become standard equipment in operating rooms and ambulances.
An ECG is a non-invasive, painless test with quick results. During an ECG, sensors (electrodes) that can detect the electrical activity of your heart are attached to your chest and sometimes your limbs. These sensors are usually left on for just a few minutes.